Effectiveness of Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) leaf extract and its fractionations against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt

Abstract
In this study, toxicity of crude leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Apocynaceae) was assessed against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in laboratory conditions using the spraying method. The LC50 values after 24 hours of treatment were calculated as 3608.73 and 2277.02 mg/L for female and male mites respectively. These amounts after 48 hours of treatment were 2456.98 and 1671.2 mg/L. Results showed that the incubation period, total immature and life cycle durations of T. urticae were prolonged under the influence of the C. procera extract. The fecundity and hatchability percentages were significantly lower (18.2 eggs/females and 94.38%) compared to control (44.73 eggs/females and 99.47%), respectively. The reduction rate of T. urticae at different stages after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of spraying showed that C. procera had a positive impact on mite population reduction that recorded 94.84 and 100% for females and males 14 days post-treatment. The methanolic extract of C. procera leaves was separated into 18 fractions. The 10th fraction exhibited 67, and 73% mortality, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment, respectively. Seventeen substances were identified in this fraction by using the GC-MS. These findings suggest that the leaf extract of C. procera which contains different novel compounds has the potential to be used for controlling T. urticae in the future.

Keywords


Abbas, A.B., Bib, R., Khan, A.A., Iqbal, M.S., Sherani, J. & Khan, A.M. (2012) Assessment of Calotropis Procera Aiton and Datura alba Nees leaves extracts as bio-insecticides against Tribolium castaneum Herbst in stored wheat Triticum aestivum L. Journal of Fertilizers and Pesticides, 3(4): 1000126. DOI: 10.4172/2155-6202.1000126
Abbott, W.S. (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265–267. DOI: 10.1093/jee/18.2.265a
Abdel-Rahman, H.R. & Ahmed, M.M. (2018) Comparative toxicity of certain acaricides against Tetranychus urticae Koch and their side effects on Phytoseiulus persimilis A.-H. (Acari: Tetranychidae: Phytoseiidae). Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura University, 9(12): 889–896.
Afify, A.E.M.M., El-Beltagi, H.S., Fayed, S.A. & Shalaby, E.A. (2011) Acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels (Pomposia) against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(5): 359–364. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60 080-4
Al Sulaibi, M.A.M., Thiemann, C. & Thiemann, T. (2020) Chemical constituents and uses of Calotropis Procera and Calotropis Gigantea – A review (Part I – the plants as material and energy resources). Open Chemistry Journal, 7(1): 1–15. DOI: 10.2174/1874842202007010001
Ay, R. (2005) Determination of susceptibility and resistance of some greenhouse populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch to chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4) by the Petri dish–Potter tower method. Journal of Pest Science, 78(3): 139–143. DOI: 10.1007/s10340-005-0084-7
Bhamat, A., Thumar, R. & Sisodiya, D. (2022) Bio-efficacy of different biopesticides against aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch in Indian bean. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(9): 889–892.
Chua, L. S., Latiff, N. A. & Mohamad, M. (2016) Reflux extraction and cleanup process by column chromatography for high yield of andrographolide enriched extract. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(2): 64–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.01.004
Cupido, M., De-Nova, A., Guerrero-González, M.L., Pérez-Vázquez, F.J., Méndez-Rodríguez, K.B. & Delgado-Sánchez, P. (2022) GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds of Opuntia megarrhiza (Cactaceae), an endangered plant of Mexico. PeerJ Organic Chemistry, 4, e5. DOI: 10.7717/peerj-ochem.5
Divekar, P.A., Narayana, S., Divekar, B.A., Kumar, R., Gadratagi, B.G., Ray, A., Singh, A.K., Rani, V., Singh, V., Singh, A.K., Kumar, A., Singh, R.P., Meena, R.S. & Behera, T.K. (2022) Plant secondary metabolites as defense tools against herbivores for sustainable crop protection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5): 2690. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690
Elimam, A.M., Elmalik, K.H. & Ali, F.S. (2009) Efficacy of leaves extract of Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) in controlling Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(2): 95–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.10.007
Elkady, M.M., Rahil, A.A.A. & Rizk, M.A. (2022) Toxicity of some plant extracts against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 5(4): 440–455.
Emam, H. & Ibrahim, M. (2020) Effectiveness of Some plant extracts against the two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory and greenhouse conditions (Acari: Tetranych-idae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology, 12(1): 9–22. DOI: 10.2160 8/eajbsz.2020.69338
Feng, Y.X., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Chen, Z.Y., Lu, X.X., Du, Y.S. & Du, S.S. (2021) The potential contribution of cymene isomers to insecticidal and repellent activities of the essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 157: 105–138. DOI: 10.10 16/j.ibiod.2020.105138
Finney, D. J. (1971) Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Combridge, UK, xv + 333 pp. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600600940
Hassan, M., Soliman, Z. & Dawoud, S. (2005) Evaluation of some plant extracts against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 30(1): 611–621. DOI: 10.21608/jppp.2005.238588
Hendrson, C.F. & Tilton, W.A. (1955) Test with acaricides against the wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49: 157–161.
Hoy, M.A. (2011) Agricultural acarology: Introduction to integrated mite management. CRC Press, Boca Ratón, FL, USA, 410 pp.
Hubert, J., Dolečková-Marešová, L., Hýblová, J., Kudlíková, I., Stejskal, V. & Mareš, M. (2005) In vitro and in vivo inhibition of α-amylases of stored-product mite Acarus siro. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 35(4): 281–291. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-004-7834-8
Kazeem, M.I., Mayaki, A.M., Ogungbe, B.F. & Ojekale, A.B. (2016) In-vitro studies on Calotropis procera leaf extracts as inhibitors of key enzymes linked to diabetes mellitus. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(Special issue): 37–44.
Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (Eds.) (2009) A manual of acarology. 3rd Edition. Texas Tech University, Texas, USA, 807 pp.
Meck, E.D., Kennedy, G.G. & Walgenbach, J.F. (2013) Effect of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on yield, quality, and economics of tomato production. Crop Protection, 52: 84–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2013.05.011
Nithya, V., Kamalam, M. & Umakanthan, T. (2015) Screening of indigenous medicinal plants for their acaricidal activity against cattle ticks under in vivo condition. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(7): 3049–3052.
Park, Y.-L. & Lee, J.-H. (2002) Leaf cell and tissue damage of cucumber caused by two spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 95(5): 952–957. DOI: 10.1093/ jee/95.5.952
Pree, D.J., Cole, K.J. & Fisher, P.A. (1989) Comparison of leaf disc and Petri dish assays for the assessment of dicofol resistance in populations of European red mite from southern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 121(9): 771–776. DOI: 10.4039/Ent121771-9
Ramos, M.V., Bandeira, G. de P., Freitas, C.D.T. de, Nogueira, N.A.P., Alencar, N.M.N., Sousa, P. A.S. de & Carvalho, A.F.U. (2006) Latex constituents from Calotropis procera (R. Br.) display toxicity upon egg hatching and larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linn.). Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101(5): 503–510. DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762006000500004
Saad, E.-Z., Hussien, R., Saher, F. & Ahmed, Z. (2006) Acaricidal activities of some essential oils and their monoterpenoidal constituents against house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 7(12): 957–962. DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.B0957
Salman, Y., Saritaş, S., Kara, S., Ay, N. & Recep, R. (2014) Acaricidal and ovicidal effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae) extracts on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4): 358–367. DOI: 10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001294
Senbill, H., Hassan, S.M. & Eldesouky, S.E. (2023) Acaricidal and biological activities of Titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide nanoparticles on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their side effects on the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 26(1): 102027. DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen .2022.102027
Shahi, M., Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Iranshahi, M., Vatandoost, H. & Hanafi-Bojd, M.Y. (2010) Larvicidal efficacy of latex and extract of Calotropis procera (Gentianales: Asclepiadaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal Vector Borne Diseases, 47(3): 185–188.
Shilov, S.V., Ustenova, G.O., Kiyekbayeva, L.N., Korotetskiy, I.S., Kudashkina, N.V., Zubenko, N. V., Parenova, R.A., Jumagaziyeva, A.B., Iskakbayeva, Z.A. & Kenesheva, S.T. (2022) Component composition and biological activity of various extracts of Onosma gmelinii (Boraginaceae). International Journal of Biomaterials, 2022: 4427804. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4427 804
Silva, M.C.C., da Silva, A.B., Teixeira, F.M., de Sousa, P.C.P., Rondon, R.M.M., Honório, J.E.R., Sampaio, L.R.L., Oliveira, S.L., Holonda, A.N.M. & de Vasconcelos, S.M.M. (2010) Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3(4): 332–336. DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60081-8
Singh, R.K., Mittal, P.K. & Dhiman, R.C. (2005) Laboratory study on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Family-Asclepiadaceae) against mosquito larvae. The Journal of Communicable Diseases, 37(2): 109–113.
Tabarestani, M.S., Rahnama, K., Jahanshahi, M., Nasrollanejad, S. & Fatemi, M.H. (2016) Identification of volatile organic compounds from Trichoderma virens (6011) by GC-MS and separation of a bioactive compound via nanotechnology. International Journal of Engineering, 29(10): 1347–1353. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2016.29.10a.04
Tukey, J. (1949) Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics, 5(2): 99–114.
Verma, R., Satsangi, G.P. & Shrivastava, J.N. (2013) Analysis of phytochemical constituents of the ethanolic and chloroform extracts of Calotropis procera using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(40): 2986–2991. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.803
Waheed, N., Jabeen, K., Iqbal, S. & Javaid, A. (2016) Biopesticidal activity of Calotropis procera against Macrophomina phaseolina. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(6): 163–167. DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.23
You, C.X., Jiang, H.Y., Zhang, W.J., Guo, S.S., Yang, K., Lei, N., Ma, P., Geng, Z.F. & Du, S.S. (2015) Contact toxicity and repellency of the main components from the essential oil of Clausena anisum-olens against two stored product insects. Journal of Insect Science, 15(1): 87. DOI: 10.10 93/jisesa/iev071
Zaher, M.A. (1984) Survey and ecological studies on phytophagous, predaceous and soil mites in Egypt. 1. Phytophagous mites in Egypt (Nile Valley and Delta). PL. 480 programme, U.S.A., Project No. EG-ARS-30, Grant No. FG-EG-139, 228 pp.