Abdoli, R., Bakhshi, H., Kheirandish, S., Faghihi, F., Hosseini-Chegeni, A., Oshaghi, M.A., Telmadarraiy, Z. & Sedaghat, M.M. (2021) Circulation of Brucellaceae, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. in borderline of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 14(5): 223–230.
Abouelhassan, E.M., El-Gawady, H.M., Abdel-Aal, A.A., El-Gayar, A.K. & Esteve-Gassent, M.D. (2019) Comparison of some molecular markers for tick species identification. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 13(2): 153. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i2.1241
Amzati, G.S., Pelle, R., Muhigwa, J.B.B., Kanduma, E.G., Djikeng, A., Madder, M. & Marcotty, T. (2018) Mitochondrial phylogeography and population structure of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in the African Great Lakes region. Parasites and Vectors, 11(1): 329. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13071-018-2904-7
Cariou, M., Duret, L. & Charlat, S. (2017) The global impact of Wolbachia on mitochondrial diversity and evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 30(12): 2204–2210. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13186
Celina, S., Černý, J. & Samy, A.M. (2023) Mapping the potential distribution of the principal vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus Hyalomma marginatum in the Old World. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(11): e0010855. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0010855
Choubdar, N., Karimian, F., Koosha, M., Nejati, J. & Oshaghi, M.A. (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan border. Parasites & Vectors, 14(1): 469. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13071-021-04956-3
Clement, M., Snell, Q., Walker, P., Posada, D. & Crandall, K. (2002) TCS: estimating gene genealogies. In: Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, International, Vol. 3, pp. 0184-0184. IEEE Computer Society.
Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(5): 1792-1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/GKH340
Estrada-Peña, A., Pfäffle, M.P. & Petney, T.N. (2018) Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. In: Ticks of Europe and North Africa: A Guide to Species Identification, pp. 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63760-0_65
Hebert, P.D., Ratnasingham, S. & De Waard, J.R. (2003) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(suppl_1): S96-S99. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1698023/
Hekimoglu, O. & Ozer, A.N. (2017) Distribution and phylogeny of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Türkiye. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 73(3): 501-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10493-017-0192-0
Hernández-Triana, L.M., Phipps, L.P., Hansford, K., Medlock, J.M., Vaux, A.G.C., Sewgobind, S. & Johnson, N. (2026) DNA barcoding of tick species (Archnida: Ixodida) to support species identification and discovery of cryptic genetic diversity with emphasis on the British fauna. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, 44(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.52004/2054930X-20251022
Hosseini-Chegeni, A., Hosseini, R., Telmadarraiy, Z. & Abdigoudarzi, M. (2019) The Iranian Hyalomma (Acari: Ixodidae) with molecular evidences to understand taxonomic status of species complexes. Persian Journal of Acarology, 8(4): 291-308. https://doi.org/10.22073/pja.v8i4.49892
Hussain, A., Hussain, S., Yu, A., Varga, C., De Leo, G.A. & Smith, R.L. (2024a) Geographical epidemiology of Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus in Pakistan: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 19(8): e0309442. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0309442
Hussain, S., Hussain, A., Aziz, M.U., Song, B., Zeb, J., Moutailler, S., Foucault-Simonin, A., Smith, R.L., Cabezas-Cruz, A., George, D. & Sparagano, O. (2024b) Exploring the coinfection and genetic diversity of multiple tick-borne pathogens in livestock population of Punjab, Pakistan. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2024: 9958535. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9958535
Jomli, A., Amairia, S., Sebai, E., Zamiti, S., Mhadhbi, M., Darghouth, M.A. & Ben Said, M. (2025) Evaluation of three mitochondrial DNA markers for species identification, genetic diversity assessment, and phylogenetic positioning of five Hyalomma tick species from Tunisia. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 94(1): 21.
Kanduma, E.G., Mwacharo, J.M., Githaka, N.W., Kinyanjui, P.W., Njuguna, J.N., Kamau, L.M., Kariuki, E., Mwaura, S., Skilton, R.A. & Bishop, R.P. (2016) Analyses of mitochondrial genes reveal two sympatric but genetically divergent lineages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Kenya. Parasites and Vectors, 9(1): 353.
Khan, Z., Khan, M., Khan, S.B., Liaqat, I., Alasmari, S.M., Altwaim, S.A., Sun, Z. & Ali, A. (2025) Haplotype network analyses, genetic diversity, and population structure of Hyalomma anatolicum based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the large subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Parasitology Research, 124: 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-025-08549-2
Kumar, B., Manjunathachar, H.V. & Ghosh, S. (2020) A review on Hyalomma species infestations on human and animals and progress on management strategies. Heliyon, 6(12): e05675.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6): 1547–1549.
Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(9): 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410
Low, V.L., Tay, S.T., Kho, K.L., Koh, F.X., Tan, T.K., Lim, Y.A.L., Ong, B.L., Panchadcharam, C., Norma-Rashid, Y. & Sofian-Azirun, M. (2015) Molecular characterisation of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Malaysia: new insights into the cryptic diversity and distinct genetic assemblages throughout the world. Parasites and Vectors, 8(1): 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13071-015-0956-5
Maghsood, H., Nabian, S., Shayan, P., Jalali, T., Darbandi, M.S. & Ranjbar, M.M. (2020) Molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus of ixodid ticks in Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 14(4): 400. https://doi.org/10.18502/JAD.V14I4.5277
Moshaverinia, A., Shayan, P., Nabian, S. & Rahbari, S. (2009) Genetic evidence for conspecificity between Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor niveus. Parasitology Research, 105(4): 1125–1132.
Motevasseli, M., Moradi-Asl, E. & Soltan-Alinejad, P. (2026) Genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of dominant ticks in Northwestern Iran utilizing COI and ITS2. Parasitology Research, 125(1): 27.
Moudgil, A.D., Nehra, A.K., Langyan, N., Kumar, V. & Vohra, S. (2024) Population structure and haplotype network analyses of Hyalomma anatolicum based on the large subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene. Parasitology Research, 123(7): 259. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-024-08279-X
Nabian, S. & Rahbari, S. (2008) Occurrence of soft and hard ticks on ruminants in Zagros mountainous areas of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 2(1): 16–20. https://sid.ir/paper/312717/en
Nabian, S., Ebrahimzadeh, E., Farahi, A. & Hanafi-Bojd, A.A. (2024) Modeling the distribution of dominant hard ticks in southeastern coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 18(2): 122.
Nabian, S., Rahbari, S., Changizi, A. & Shayan, P. (2009) The distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks from domestic ruminants in Iran. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 23(3): 281–283.
Noor, P.S., Ahmed, M., Ansari, A.S., Gadahi, J.A., Memon, S.B., Tariq, M., Laghari, Z.A., Soomro, F., Bhutto, B., Mari, N.-Un-N. & Chen, Z. (2024) Molecular identification of Hyalomma ticks and application of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins as an effective biological acaricide. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2024: 9952738.
Poulin, R., Hay, E. & Jorge, F. (2019) Taxonomic and geographic bias in the genetic study of helminth parasites. International Journal for Parasitology, 49(6): 429–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.12.005
Rahbari, S., Nabian, S. & Shayan, P. (2007) Primary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran. Parasitology Research, 101(2): 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-007-0692-7
Rain, F.F. & Aslam, A.F.M. (2025) Molecular identification of veterinary important ticks of Bangladesh using CO1 gene sequences. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 56(13): 327–335.
Roth, A., Akad, F., Zonstein, I., King, R., Orshan, L. & Erster, O. (2019) Molecular characterization of six Hyalomma species using mitochondrial markers. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 10(4): 911–917.
Rozas, J., Ferrer-Mata, A., Sánchez-DelBarrio, J.C., Guirao-Rico, S., Librado, P., Ramos-Onsins, S.E. & Sánchez-Gracia, A. (2017) DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34(12): 3299–3302. https://doi.org/10.1093/MOLBEV/MSX248
Sands, A.F. (2016) A molecular genetic perspective on the evolution of Hyalomma ticks with emphasis on the phylogeography of H. truncatum. Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Sharifinia, N., Rafinejad, J., Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Chinikar, S., Piazak, N., Baniardalani, M., Biglarian, A. & Sharifinia, F. (2015) Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in south west of Iran. Acta Medica Iranica, 53(3): 177–181. https://sid.ir/paper/278721/en
Shi, G., Xin, L., Li, Z., Ma, W., Yang, D., Li, C. & Guo, Q. (2025) Integrative morpho-molecular delineation of five medically significant tick species: facilitating precision-based vector surveillance. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12: 1623318. https://doi.org/10.3389/FVETS.2025.1623318/TEXT
Tamura, K. (1992) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9(4): 678–687.
Wares, J.P. (2010) Natural distributions of mitochondrial sequence diversity support new null hypotheses. Evolution, 64(4): 1136–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1558-5646.2009.00870.X
Zhang, R.L. & Zhang, B. (2014) Prospects of using DNA barcoding for species identification and evaluation of the accuracy of sequence databases for ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 5(3): 352–358.
Zheng, Z., Zeng, W., Wang, S., Tan, W., Lu, X., Kairullayev, K., Mi, L., Hazihan, W., Liu, G., Yang, M. & Wang, Y. (2024) Application of DNA barcodes in the genetic diversity of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Kazakhstan. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 92(3): 547–554.
Zhou, R., Sprong, H., Liu, Q., Krafft, T. & Estrada-Peña, A. (2025) Mapping the potential suitable habitats for Hyalomma rufipes (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa and Western Eurasia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(3): e0012923. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0012923
